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- <text id=91TT2790>
- <title>
- Dec. 16, 1991: Can Aspirin Prevent Cancer?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Dec. 16, 1991 The Smile of Freedom
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- MEDICINE, Page 66
- Can Aspirin Prevent Cancer?
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A new study suggests there may be yet another benefit from the
- world's most popular medication
- </p>
- <p>By Michael D. Lemonick--Reported by Andrew Purvis/New York
- </p>
- <p> Less than a decade ago, aspirin seemed to be losing some
- of its luster. Marketed since the beginning of the century as
- a uniquely effective pain and fever fighter, it was suddenly
- forced to compete with two major rivals--acetaminophen
- (Tylenol, Anacin-3) and ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin)--that had
- many of aspirin's benefits without some of its side effects.
- Worse, aspirin had been linked to Reye's syndrome, a rare but
- sometimes deadly condition that can afflict children after a
- bout of flu or chickenpox. Doctors immediately ceased to
- recommend it for most youngsters, and liquid Tylenol replaced
- orange-flavored children's aspirin in the family medicine
- cabinet.
- </p>
- <p> But the wonder drug has made a wondrous comeback. In
- recent years it has been shown to be a powerful inhibitor of
- heart attacks and strokes--a virtue neither acetaminophen nor
- ibuprofen can match. And last week came preliminary evidence of
- another major benefit: aspirin reduces the risk of death from
- colon cancer, a disease that kills 50,000 Americans a year. A
- major study by the American Cancer Society, reported in the New
- England Journal of Medicine, found that people who took 16
- aspirin tablets or more each month (or equivalent doses of
- related but lesser known anti-inflammatory drugs) cut their risk
- of dying from colon cancer as much as 50%. "It is a very strong
- and consistent finding," says Dr. Michael Thun, lead author of
- the report.
- </p>
- <p> Still, many questions remain. Since study participants
- were not randomly assigned to take aspirin, it is possible that
- those who did were generally more health conscious than average
- and less likely to develop cancer in the first place. Or
- perhaps aspirin users had more internal bleeding than the others--a common side effect of aspirin--and therefore had their
- colon cancers detected early and cured readily. The study did
- not measure the actual incidence of colon cancer, just deaths
- resulting from it.
- </p>
- <p> But the age-old pain-killer may very well have direct
- anticancer properties. Unlike acetaminophen, which acts only on
- the central nervous system, aspirin (chemical name:
- acetylsalicylic acid) has an extraordinarily broad range of
- effects. The reason is that it interferes with the production
- of a diverse class of substances known as prostaglandins, which
- are found in nearly every body tissue. (Ibuprofen does too, but
- in a much more limited way.)
- </p>
- <p> Some prostaglandins promote inflammation, fever and pain
- by sensitizing nerves to other chemicals released from injured
- cells. Aspirin's most familiar benefits come from interfering
- with these noisome processes. However, prostaglandins are also
- responsible for stimulating the production of the stomach's
- protective lining of mucus, which explains why too much aspirin
- can cause gastric distress and bleeding. Aspirin's ability to
- prevent strokes and heart attacks stems from its disruption of
- a prostaglandin that promotes blood clotting. As for
- colon-cancer prevention, it is possible that aspirin inhibits
- substances that play a role in cell proliferation. At least one
- such prostaglandin has been identified in lab animals. If
- aspirin does have this effect, it might prove useful in reducing
- the risks of other cancers as well.
- </p>
- <p> Aspirin's list of unexpected benefits may not end with
- cancer. There is at least some evidence that it may be useful
- in preventing gum disease, gallstones, cataracts, miscarriages
- and even in treating viral diseases. Researchers in several
- fields eagerly await the results of the Women's Health Study,
- an ambitious trial involving 40,000 women, half of whom will be
- randomly assigned to take low doses of aspirin every other day
- for at least five years. Originally designed to see if aspirin
- can prevent heart disease in women as it does in men, the study
- will also look at rates of colon cancer, migraines, stroke and
- gum disease.
- </p>
- <p> Until the results are in, doctors are not recommending
- that anyone go out and gulp aspirin for good health. The drug
- can have unpleasant and even dangerous side effects, including
- ringing in the ears and blurred vision, as well as stomach
- bleeding. A more serious problem is hemorrhagic stroke, caused
- not by a clot blocking the brain's blood vessels but by vessels
- that rupture. Moreover, prostaglandins appear to work in
- opposing pairs. The ones that promote clot formation, for
- example, are countered by partners that do the opposite. Too
- much aspirin can therefore cause the very problems that lower
- doses relieve.
- </p>
- <p> Even if follow-up studies show that aspirin really does
- protect against cancer, doctors warn that it will never be a
- substitute for exercise, a low-fat, high-fiber diet or not
- smoking. Too many heart-disease patients have latched on to
- aspirin as a panacea and as an excuse to avoid changing lethal
- habits. The latest findings will probably, alas, tempt others
- to do the same.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-